ABSTRACT:
In recent years, aquaculture activities such as shrimp farming are sources of solid waste vao w88 liquid waste causing environmental pollution vao w88 make people living around shrimp farms worried. Phytoremediation technology with aquatic plants in wetlands is a potential solution to pollution from aquaculture activities. This study is to evaluate the potential vao w88 effectiveness of Cyperus alternifolius vao w88Eichhornia crassipesin a lab-scaled constructed wetland in removing nutrients includingnitrogen(N) vao w88phosphorus(P) from wastewater of shrimp farms with 3-day, 10-day vao w88 14-day experiments. The study’s result shows that the survival rates (SVR) of both studied aquatic plants is high (100%) during the 14-day experiment. By the end of the 14-day experiment, the concentrations of Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) vao w88 Phosphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P) were significantly reduce by 89.3%, 94% vao w88 89.3%, respectively.
Keywords:Nitrogen, phosphorus, Cyperus Alternifolius, Eichhornia Crassipes.
I. Introduction
Vietnam is the leading producer of shrimp in the world with a high production per year, there are many kind of shrimp as black tiger shrimp (Called Tôm Sú in Vietnam), Litopenaeus vannamei (Called Tôm thẻ chân trắng in Vietnam) vao w88 Giant freshwater Shrimp (Called Tôm càng xanh in Vietnam) in Vietnam, shrimp farming has rapidly expanded in recent years. Consequentially, the uneaten feed vao w88 excreted waste caused a number of water quality problems. The wastewater from shrimp farming is responsible for nutrient enrichment in receiving waters surrounding shrimp farm. Conventional wastewater treatment systems are costly to install vao w88 operate for treating the the wastewater from shrimp farming. vao w88 therefore, using bioremediation is an interesting alternative to solve this issue.
The principles of phytoremediation systems for cleaning up stormwater include: (a) identification vao w88 implementation of efficient aquatic plant systems; (b) uptake of dissolved nutrients including N, P, vao w88 metals by the growing plant; vao w88 (c) harvest vao w88 beneficial use of the plant biomass produced from the remediation system[1].
Macrophytes are commonly used in artificial wetland constructed for treatment of wastewater domestic sewage treatment in many countries. This plant is capable of removing organic matter, suspended solids vao w88 nutrients such as nitrogen vao w88 phosphorus from water. There are many species of Macrophytes as Cyperus Alternifolius vao w88 Eichhornia crassipes. First of all, Umbrella sedge or umbrella palm whose scientific name is Cyperus alternifolius, being rooted plants growing in wetlands. It is a multi-year-old vao w88 grow in humid soil vao w88 marshy areas. The plant has strong underground root, can be easily multiplied using seeds or pieces of the plant. Cyperus alternifolius’ advantage is that it eliminates nutrients of the wastewater [2]. Take an example, Cyperus alternifolius was assessed the treatment of municipal wastewater fromYazd city (center of Iran) by constructed wetland vegetated. Also Cyperus Alternifolius can grow well on any form of nitrogen vao w88 as they can develop a deep vao w88 dense root system [3]. This plant is selected as part of the wetland flora to reduce metal pollution in water resource, affected industrial activities[4]. Water hyacinth can grow well in water with concentration phosphate (P) levels above 20 ppm [5]. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) have the optimal temperature for plant 's growth from 200C to 300C, Water hyacinth produces new seedlings at higher temperatures vao w88 the reproductive mechanism of water hyacinth is not affected by plant size [6]. Water hyacinth can change its living state based on water characteristics or with low salinity [7]. Especially at low salinity of 0.2% will limit the ability of hyacinth development [8]. Water hyacinth can remove toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) in a metal-containing solution without nutrients in the winter [9]. The values of the concentration factors in the roots tended to decrease, vao w88 the root concentration was higher at the leaf tips [10]. Results of [11] show that water hyacinth can reduce COD vao w88 BOD5 by 79% vao w88 86%, respectively. Research [12] illustrates that water hyacinth is a good absorption of Cd vao w88 Zn. In Malaysia, water hyacinth is used to treat copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) vao w88 zinc (Zn) for four days. Water hyacinth can be considered as a treatment for heavy metal content in livestock wastewater, rather than pollutants in the water environment [13].
The present study seems part of management options in the near future for enhancing biological nutrient removal from wastewater of shrimp farming by natural vao w88 artificial wetland wetland technology. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the extent of nutrient (Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) vao w88 Phoshphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P)) removal from this wastewater by a combine of as Cyperus Alternifolius vao w88 Eichhornia crassipes in A Lab Scale Constructed Wetland, compared to the control vao w88 QCVN08.
II. Materials vao w88 methods
1. Experimental set-up
Two lab scale constructed wetland was set up at the laboratory of Nguyen Tat Thanh University, each with a control vao w88 a treatment plot. Sample polluted water was selected for this study at the freshwater shrimp farmers, cultivating Giant freshwater Shrimp along the Saigon River, Ho Chi Minh City. Cyperus Alternifolius (Called Cây Thủy Túc in Vietnam) had fresh weight 163.66 ± 20.74g, length of plant 57.5 ± 0.71cm, length of root 28.00 ± 2.83 cm vao w88 Eichhornia Crassipes (Called Cây Lục Bình in Vietnam) had fresh weight 98.81±15.29g, length of root 20.25 ± 1.06cm, be grown in the experiment at start time, while no plant was maintained in the control plot. During experimental time, water samples were collected from start time, 3 dates, 7 dates, 10 dates vao w88 14 dates for analyzing Nitrogen vao w88 Phosphorus as NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P. Specially, the control vao w88 the treatment plot were daily analyzed for water quality parameters, including temperature (0C), pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS).
Figure 1: The lab scale constructed wetland applied in the experiment
The wetland for treatment the aquacultural wastewater constructed by glass tank sizes as 1.000mm of length, 450mm of Wide, 600 mm of height (height submerged 500mm) with a circulation system. Volume of submerged part in glass fish tank around 98liters vao w88 the volume of the plastic tank with circulating pump around 80liters. This tank was divided into 3 main compartments with 2 compartments for growing Cyperus Alternifolius (3 layers from a bottom of 10kg of Lava stone, 10kg of large gravel vao w88 to top of 15kg of small gravel/ a compartment) vao w88 1 compartment for growing Water hyacinth.
2. Samples Collection vao w88 Analysis
Samples were collected vao w88 stored with 2liters by plastic bottles in a refrigerator at 40oC with preservation as appropriate at the laboratory of Nguyen Tat Thanh University where appropriate equipment is available vao w88 functioning. Analyses activities conducted at this laboratories vao w88 prior to filtration, pH, EC, TDS, 0C of the water samples were determined using a combination of pH, Conductivity, total dissolved solids vao w88 temperature measurements (Mi805 Milwaukee Instruments,CO, USA). DO were determined by Milwaukee MW 600 Dissolved Oxygen Meter, CO, USA. HI83399-02 is a multiparameter photometer for measuring key water quality parameters as NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P in this study.
3. Analysis of Results
Results are presented as mean values or as mean ± SD, mean values of the experiment plot compared the control vao w88 the limit concentration in (QCVN 08: 2015 [14]).
III. Results vao w88 discussion
1. General water quality
Figure 2: (a) Temperature (b) Total Dissolved Solids (c) pH (d) Conductivity in water samples for all 14 dates of treatment
Figure 2 (a-d) vao w88 Figure 3 illustrated the concentration of the analyzed in-situ parameters of this study with air temperature 270C at the laboratory of Nguyen Tat Thanh University. The parameters were reported as mean ± SD in this study. Water temperature, total suspended solids, EC, vao w88 pH in the waters of both control vao w88 experiment plots don’t significantly changed during treatment period. Figure 2a showed that water temperature in this research approximately fluctuated from 27.1 ± 0.0 0C to 29 ± 0.0 0C of control vao w88 27.25 ± 0.0 0C to 29.1 ± 0.42 0C. In real condition, It means that this water temperature affects the high solubility of many chemical compounds vao w88 therefore cause the effect of several pollutants on aquatic life, for example, the optimum growth performance of fresh fish has a temperature range 20 - 300C [15 - 16].
The mean concentration of total dissolved solids in the water samples of control was 471.1mg/l vao w88 this ranged from 435 ± 7.07 to 493 ± 2.12mg/l vao w88 in the water samples of experiment was 482.7mg/l vao w88 this ranged from 440±0.00 to 506 ± 1.41mg/l. The trend of total dissolved solids in both plots is unchanged during the treatment in Figure 2b.
The pH (Figure 2c) average value recorded for the control was 7.92 vao w88 for the experiment was 8.08. The range concentration pH of control is from 7.54 ± 0.03 to 8.35 ± 0.07 vao w88 the range concentration pH of experiment is from 7.75 ± 0.07 to 8.80 ± 0.00. Specially, the highest concentrations of pH were observed 8.80 ± 0.00 in 10 dates in the experiment vao w88 then this trend is a same from 11 dates to 14 dates. This range was in the limit allowed by A1 in (QCVN 08: 2015) regulation 6 < pH < 8.5 for purposes of the domestic water supply vao w88 conservation of aquatic ecology[14]. It also accepted for the aquatic animal with pH 6-9 of El-Sheriff vao w88 El-Feky [17].
The illustration of conductivity was depicted in Figure 2d. The average conductivity values recorded for the control was 877.07µs/cm vao w88 this ranged from 843.5 ± 2.12 to 930 ± 0.00µs/cm vao w88 for the control was 895.83µs/cm vao w88 this ranged from 843 ± 38.00 to 950 ± 0.00µs/cm.
Vietnam’s average temperature has increased at a rate of 0.26 ± 0.100C per decade since results [18]. The high temperature in figure 2a leads the effect of the solubility of many chemical compounds vao w88 chemical reaction in water, making dissolved oxygen (DO) reduced vao w88 chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased. The average dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) recorded for the studied water samples of this study was 6.51mg/l of the control vao w88 5.58mg/l of the experiment. The trend of DO in experiment was lower than the control plot, especially concentration of DO at 8dates, 9dates and10 dates was same with 5.45 ± 0.07mg/l, 5.45 ± 0.07mg/l vao w88 5.45 ± 0.42mg/l respectively.
Figure 3:Concentration of DO (mg/l) in water samples for all 14 dates of treatmen
2. N vao w88 P concentration reduction
Changes of inorganic N (NH4-N plus NO3-N), PO4-P concentrations in water for the period from 16/8/2019 to 16/8/2019 are shown in Figure 4, 5.
Figure 4: (a) NH4-N (b) NO3-N in water samples for all 14 dates of treatment
Figure 5: PO4-P in water samples for all 14dates of treatment
The concentration of Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N) in the water samples of this study was illustrated in Figure 4a. Volatilization happened in the inorganic forms as nitrate (NO3), nitrite (NO2), ammonia (NH3), vao w88 ammonium (NH4). The mean concentration NH4-N of the control vao w88 the treatment was 1.45 ± 00mg/l at start time. Figure 4a showed that concentration NH4-N of the experiment was lower than the control during the treatment. The final treatment at 14 dates recorded that the concentration NH4-N of control was 0.295 ± 0.01mg/l vao w88 the concentration NH4-N of experiment was 0.155 ± 0.01mg/l.
Plants or microbes uptake vao w88 oxidization of ammonia to nitrate in the nitrification process, it seems the main pathways of ammonia removal from the wetland. Nitrate vao w88 nitrite in this wetland may be removed by plant uptake ordenitrification [15]. Once nitrogen has been denitrified, it can be released in the atmosphere as nitrous oxide (N2O) or dinitrogen gas (N2) during the treatment time. Denitrification can bring about the removal of nitrogen from the waste water vao w88 is the most important removal pathway for nitrogen in natural or artificial wetlands.
The NO3-N concentration in the water samples of this study was shown in figure 4b. The figure 4b showed that concentration NO3-N of the experiment was lower than the control during the treatment. At start time of this study was 7.15 ± 0.21mg/l of NO3-N, vao w88 the water quality was higher than the limit allowed by A2 in (QCVN 08: 2015) regulation NO3-N < 5mg/l for water supply vao w88 conservation of aquatic ecology vao w88 if surface waters often contains NO3-N less than 1mg/l of nitrate NO3-N [19], that's not a good thing for aquatic life. Especially, Figure 4 a&b illustrated that concentration of Ammonium-Nitrogen of control vao w88 the experiment plot was 2.035 ± 0.02mg/l vao w88 1.83 ± 0.03mg/l at 3 dates respectively. At this date the concentration of Nitrate-Nitrogen was 1.6 ± 0.42mg/l of control vao w88 0.35 ± 0.07mg/l of the experiment plot. To be continued, all Ammonium-Nitrogen significantly reduced at 7 dates, but there was the high increase of Nitrate-Nitrogen. The term ammonia (NH4-N) includes non-ionized (NH3) vao w88 ionized (NH4+). The NH4-N levels for the experiment dates pass a limit allowed by A1, A2 in (QCVN 08: 2015) regulation NH4-N < 0.3mg/l for conservation of aquatic ecology vao w88 B1, B2 in (QCVN 08: 2015) < 0.9mg/l for low quality water requirements & transportation of navigable waterway. This Lab Scale Constructed Wetland can treat Ammonium in the aquaculture wastewater thoroughly before discharging it into water resources.
The Phosphates-phosphorus (PO4-P) of experiment recorded mean was lower than the concentration of PO4-P in the control plot during 14 dates (Figure 5). At the end of 14dates, the the lowest concentration of PO4-P was 0.18 ± 0.03mg/l of the experiment plot, it seem very lower than 0.78 ± 0.03mg/l of the control plot. Almost PO4-P concentration were in this experiment affected the a conservation of aquatic plants vao w88 animalsin because (QCVN 08 2015) regulation PO4-P from PO4-P < 0.1 mg/l of A1 to PO4-P < 0.5 mg/l of B2 [14]. This Lab Scale Constructed Wetland can significantly reduce Phosphates before discharging it into water resources.
IV. Conclusions
This study showed that two aquatic macrophytes as Cyperus Alternifolius vao w88 Eichhornia Crassipes could be used in reducing the N vao w88 P levels of nutrient enriched waters of wastewater from shrimp farms. So, this Lab Scale Constructed Wetland with both aquatic plants could be effectively used in reducing the concentration of Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), Phoshphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P), if effectiveness is proved that the concentration of experiment plot compared to the concentration of the control plot in 3 dates, 7 dates, 10 dates vao w88 14 dates or even at start time of this study.
Acknowledgement:
This research is funded by NTTU foundation for science vao w88 technology development under grant number 20190144.
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GIẢM HÀM LƯỢNG NITƠ VÀ PHOTPHO TRONG NƯỚC THẢI
BẰNG THỦY TRÚC (CYPERUS ALTERNIFOLIUS)
VÀ BÈO TÂY (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) Ở MÔ HÌNH
ĐẤT NGẬP NƯỚC TRONG QUY MÔ PHÒNG THÍ NGHIỆM
●NGUYỄN ĐỨC TRỌNG- NGUYỄN THỊ THANH NHÀN
● PHẠM THỊ NGỌC PHƯỢNG- NGUYỄN ĐỨC MINH TÚ
● ĐỖ THỊ THAO- TRẦN THÀNH- LƯƠNG QUANG TƯỞNG
Khoa Kỹ thuật Thực phẩm và Môi trường, Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành
TÓM TẮT:
Trong những năm gần đây, các hoạt động trongnuôi trồng thủy sảnnhư nuôi tôm đã phát sinh các nguồn chất thải rắn, chất thải lỏng gâyô nhiễm môi trường. Sự việc này đã khiến nhiều người dân trên địa bàn xung quanh trang trại nuôi tôm lo lắng. Công nghệ xử lý ô nhiễm bằngthực vật thủy sinhtrongmô hình đất ngập nướcđược xem là một giải pháp tiềm năng trong việc khắc phục vấn đề ô nhiễm nêu trên. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là đánh giá tiềm năng và hiệu quả xử lý củaThủy trúc"Cyperus Alternifolius" vàBèo tây"Eichhornia crassipes" trong mô hình đất ngập nước ở quy mô phòng thí nghiệm để loại bỏ các chất dinh dưỡng trong nước như nitơ (N) và phốt pho (P) đối với nước thải nuôi tôm sau 3 ngày, 7 ngày, 10 ngày và 14 ngày. Kết quả đạt được, công nghệ xử lý ô nhiễm bằng thực vật cho kết quả tốt, với tỷ lệ sống sót (SVR) của cả 2 loài thực vật là cao, với 100% sau 14 ngày thí nghiệm. Mô hình đất ngập nước đã đưa hiệu quả xử lý cao khi nồng độ tại ngày thí nghiệm cuối cùng so với nồng độ tại thời điểm bắt đầu. Chi tiết như sau: nồng độ Ammonium-Nitrogen (NH4-N) giảm 89,3%, Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N) giảm 94% và Phoshphate-Phospho (PO4-P) giảm được 89,3%.
Từ khóa:Nitrogen, phosphorus,Cyperus Alternifolius, Eichhornia Crassipes.