ABSTRACT:

Although w88 chuẩn nhất global economy in general and Vietnams economy in particular have been significantly affected by w88 chuẩn nhất COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnam continues to integrate deeply into w88 chuẩn nhất global economy and w88 chuẩn nhất country has so far joined 15 Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).w88 chuẩn nhất Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP) is a new-generation FTA that brings great opportunities for Vietnamese exporting enterprises, especiallyseafoodexporting firms, to enter 10 markets including North America. This paper analyzes w88 chuẩn nhất current situation of Vietnamese seafood exports to North American markets including Canada and Mexico and proposes some solutions for Vietnamese firms in w88 chuẩn nhất new normal.

Keywords:Canada,CPTPP, export, Mexico, North America, seafood.

1. Introduction

After w88 chuẩn nhất withdrawal announcement of w88 chuẩn nhất USA, w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP was signed by 11 countries including Canada, Mexico, Peru, Chile, New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia and Vietnam on March 8, 2018.This agreement officially took effect in Vietnam on January 14, 2019.w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP inherits w88 chuẩn nhất TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) agreement with 30 chapters covering a wide range of issues, traditionally including tariff reductions on goods, liberalization of service and investment markets, rules of origin, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, technical barriers to trade, intellectual property, etc. In addition, there are new contents such as government procurement, labor, state-owned enterprises, environment, etc. w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP also sets high standards for transparency and dispute resolution mechanisms. It creates a large free trade area with a population of around 495 million people, a total GDP of about 10,200 billion USD (accounting for more than 13% of w88 chuẩn nhất global GDP) and accounting for about 15% of w88 chuẩn nhất total global trade volume.

Canada, Mexico and w88 chuẩn nhất USA are members of w88 chuẩn nhất North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA). w88 chuẩn nhất total population of Canada and Mexico is about 167 million people, w88 chuẩn nhất GDP is about USD 2,718 billion (in 2020). According to Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP), w88 chuẩn nhất consumption capacity of these two North American countries is large. Meanwhile, Vietnam has many potentials and strengths in seafood exports but w88 chuẩn nhất export turnover is very small and many businesses do not fully understand w88 chuẩn nhất import regulations.

w88 chuẩn nhất objective of this paper is to briefly introduce w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP, then review w88 chuẩn nhất two seafood markets of North America, analyze w88 chuẩn nhất situation of exporting seafood to these markets as well as opportunities for Vietnam. Thereby, w88 chuẩn nhất author proposes solutions to promote seafood export in w88 chuẩn nhất new normal.

2. Canada and Mexico - w88 chuẩn nhất potential North American seafood markets in w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP bloc

Canada and Mexico are w88 chuẩn nhất only two countries in North America participating in CPTPP and this agreement officially took effect in these markets on December 30, 2018. They are considered great potential markets for Vietnamese seafood.

2.1. Canadian market

Canada is w88 chuẩn nhất 9th largest economy in w88 chuẩn nhất world, GDP is about USD 1,644 billion (in 2020) with 38 million people. This is a market with a high standard of living, so there are high requirements for food quality and safety. Canadians love seafood and due to w88 chuẩn nhất policy of welcoming about 400,000 immigrants a year, w88 chuẩn nhất demand for consumption here is increasing. According to w88 chuẩn nhất data from Canada Customs, Canada's seafood imports increase by about 7% annually. In 2019 (before w88 chuẩn nhất Covid-19 pandemic), Canada imported about USD 3.5 billion of seafood.

Canada has an open economy, pursuing a policy of market diversification to limit w88 chuẩn nhất dependence on NAFTA, especially w88 chuẩn nhất USA. In CPTPP, Canada is one of w88 chuẩn nhất countries which has w88 chuẩn nhất highest commitment to market opening. For seafood products. This economy is committed to eliminating tariffs as soon as w88 chuẩn nhất Agreement takes effect.

According to Vietnam Trade Office in Canada, Canada is a fastidious market with strict regulations on quality, packaging, labeling, chemical residues, etc. In Canada, w88 chuẩn nhất Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) undertakes control of over 1,000 seafood importers. To sell products in this market, seafood importers must obtain a seafood import license or a Quality Management Program import license from CFIA.

A case of serious violations of Vietnamese enterprises was in w88 chuẩn nhất years 2011-2012, Canada warned that 103 Vietnamese seafood shipments had Fluoroquinolones residues and refused to import.

To limit w88 chuẩn nhất returned exports, Canada and Vietnam have also signed an agreement to recognize each other to w88 chuẩn nhất quality inspection certificates. This helps Canadian importers feel more confident when importing Vietnamese seafood. To understand w88 chuẩn nhất import regulations, businesses can refer to w88 chuẩn nhất website: https://inspection.canada.ca/.

2.2. Mexican market

Mexico has around 129 million people, GDP is about USD 1,074 billion (2020). This is an easier market than Canada, with strong purchasing power due to its large population.In order to reduce w88 chuẩn nhất dependence on w88 chuẩn nhất USA, Mexico is actively looking for new markets, including Asia-Pacific. According to VASEP, every year, they import about USD 351 million of frozen fish, mainly pangasius and tuna.

Mexico is a country with a free trade system, w88 chuẩn nhất import tax rate of Mexico is quite low. With CPTP, Mexico committed to eliminating 77.2% of tariff lines as soon as w88 chuẩn nhất Agreement comes into effect and 98% of tariff lines from w88 chuẩn nhất 10th year. For seafood, Mexico committed to 0% of tariff for pangasius, basa fish, and tuna (HS code 0304) from w88 chuẩn nhất 3rd year. This opens up many opportunities for Vietnam, which has strengths in price and quality.

To develop foreign trade, in recent years, Mexico has made many important adjustments and improvements in customs operations to automate many procedures. Regarding sanitary and phytosanitary measures, Mexico has built an electronic database so that concerning parties can access food safety requirements. In 2014, w88 chuẩn nhất National Service of Food Health, Safety and Quality (SENASICA) introduced new regulations for w88 chuẩn nhất imported goods of animal, plant and aquatic origin. SENASICA has stipulated that goods in bags, packages, boxes and cartons must be placed on pallets in containers... This is to reduce w88 chuẩn nhất risk of hygiene and safety problems of goods imported into Mexico.

In 2017, Mexico issued an order to suspend importing shrimp from Vietnam. Under w88 chuẩn nhất new regulations of SENASICA, in order to be allowed to export crustaceans to Mexico, w88 chuẩn nhất exporting country must demonstrate that its veterinary control system complies with Mexican regulations. This is also a technical measure, banning w88 chuẩn nhất import of products of a country.

3. w88 chuẩn nhất situation of Vietnam's seafood exports to North America

According to Vietnam export and import report 2020, in w88 chuẩn nhất context of Covid-19, Vietnam's exports in 2020 continued to increase by 7% compared to 2019 and reached USD 282.66 billion. In which, export turnover to w88 chuẩn nhất two countries in North America reached USD 7.52 billion (Exports to Canada and Mexico reached USD 4.36 billion and USD 3.16 billion respectively), increased nearly 12%.

Chart 1: Vietnam's seafood export turnover to CPTPP in 2020
(USD million)

w88 chuẩn nhất's seafood export turnover to CPTPP in 2020

Seafood is one of w88 chuẩn nhất key export items of Vietnam. According to w88 chuẩn nhất VASEP, Vietnam's total seafood production in 2020 achieved 8.4 million tons, an average increase of 8% per year. From 1997-2020, Vietnam's seafood exports increased 11 times, from USD 758 million to USD 8.5 billion, an average increase of 10% annually. In 2021, Vietnam's seafood exports are expected to reach w88 chuẩn nhất target of USD 8.67 billion, a slight rise of 3% compared to 2020. w88 chuẩn nhất Mekong River Delta and Southeast region are considered w88 chuẩn nhất main producing, processing and exporting areas of aquatic products in Vietnam and account for over 80% of w88 chuẩn nhất country's export output. Vietnam's seafood export markets are increasingly expanding with more than 160 countries and regions. w88 chuẩn nhất top 10 seafood markets of Vietnam are w88 chuẩn nhất USA, EU, Japan, China, South Korea, ASEAN, Australia, w88 chuẩn nhất UK, Canada and Russia, accounting for about 92% of Vietnam's total seafood exports.

In w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP group, w88 chuẩn nhất two countries in North America imported USD 325.88 billion of seafood products from Vietnam in 2020. Canada and Mexico respectively ranked second with an import turnover of USD 263.85 million (an increase of around 14.9% compared to 2019) and ranked sixth with USD 62.03 billion (a sharp decrease of 44.4%).

According to w88 chuẩn nhất data of w88 chuẩn nhất General Department of Customs in w88 chuẩn nhất first 7 months of 2021, seafood exports to Canada reached USD 151.39 million, increasing 16.7% over w88 chuẩn nhất same period in 2019 and accounting for 3.04% of w88 chuẩn nhất total seafood export turnover of w88 chuẩn nhất country. Exports to Mexico reached USD 53.55 million, a sharp increase of 75.6% and accounting for 1.08%. This proves that seafood businesses know how to take advantage of incentives from w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP during w88 chuẩn nhất Covid-19 pandemic.

w88 chuẩn nhất products exported to Canada, according to VASEP, are quite diverse such as shrimp, pangasius, basa fish, tuna, squid... These are w88 chuẩn nhất strengths of Vietnam and have occupied a high share in Canada. In which, basa fish accounts for nearly 100% of Canada's imported catfish market. Shrimp exports to this market accounted for w88 chuẩn nhất highest proportion with a turnover of USD 187.35 million in 2020, up 23.8% and accounting for 71.3% of Vietnam's total seafood export turnover to this market.

For w88 chuẩn nhất Mexican market, pangasius is w88 chuẩn nhất main imported product from Vietnam, followed by tuna... According to VASEP, as of w88 chuẩn nhất first half of August 2021, w88 chuẩn nhất export turnover of pangasius to Mexico reached USD 43.76 million, an increase of nearly 70% over w88 chuẩn nhất same period in 2019.

4. w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP - Opportunities for Vietnamese seafood products to enter w88 chuẩn nhất North American market

- After controlling w88 chuẩn nhất Covid-19 epidemic, w88 chuẩn nhất consumer demand of w88 chuẩn nhất markets has increased again. w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP helps Vietnamese seafood enterprises to well exploit w88 chuẩn nhất export opportunities here, including w88 chuẩn nhất two countries in North America. This also helps Vietnam reduce its dependence on traditional markets.

- w88 chuẩn nhất reduction of trade barriers creates opportunities for Vietnam to boost exports to Canada and Mexico which have just had w88 chuẩn nhất first FTA with Vietnam with a low market share of Vietnamese seafood. Thereby, Vietnamese businesses can access w88 chuẩn nhất US market. In particular, Canada has signed 15 FTAs with other countries, so this is w88 chuẩn nhất gateway that can bring Vietnamese seafood to w88 chuẩn nhất world, establishing a seafood supply network between Asia and America.

- w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP increases w88 chuẩn nhất competitiveness of Vietnamese seafood against rivals that have not yet had an FTA with this area.

- w88 chuẩn nhất seafood products in North America and Vietnam are reciprocal to each other. This helps enterprises promote w88 chuẩn nhất export of aquatic products that Vietnam has advantages.

- w88 chuẩn nhất CPTTPP creates motivation for seafood enterprises, if they want to survive in a fiercely competitive environment in w88 chuẩn nhất context of w88 chuẩn nhất Covid pandemic, they must constantly innovate, develop, modernize w88 chuẩn nhất production as well as improve w88 chuẩn nhất product quality at competitive prices…

- Joining w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP is an opportunity for Vietnam to perfect its institution; create a safe, transparent and open business environment; attract foreign investment with modern technologies and advanced management experience. These will exploit w88 chuẩn nhất potential of Vietnam's seafood industry, increase w88 chuẩn nhất value of Vietnamese goods to meet w88 chuẩn nhất requirements of w88 chuẩn nhất fastidious markets.

Besides w88 chuẩn nhất favorable opportunities are some challenges that Vietnam faces such as low development level compared to other countries in w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP; many limitations of w88 chuẩn nhất seafood industry, intrinsic weakness in small and scattered production; long transport distance; lack of updated information, limited market access; difficulties in meeting origin criteria, quality standards, quarantine, food safety, etc. Meanwhile, w88 chuẩn nhất regulations in w88 chuẩn nhất North American market arestrict and change with barriers to protect human health, animals and plants, environment towards sustainable development... In addition, Vietnam's seafood products have to face stiff competition from suppliers in w88 chuẩn nhất USA, India, Thailand, China, etc.

5. Some solutions and recommendations for businessesin w88 chuẩn nhất new normal

- Enterprises need to be more proactive in studying w88 chuẩn nhất commitments in w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP, making full use of w88 chuẩn nhất benefits brought by w88 chuẩn nhất Agreement to boost seafood exports to these two markets.

- Research w88 chuẩn nhất tastes and needs of each market as well as update regulations and procedures for importing seafood.

- Enterprises can actively contact and collect information from agencies specialized in market research and trade promotion; participate in seafood trade fairs, seminars/training courses. Some major food and seafood fairs that businesses can participate in are Sial Canada, Canada seafood show, etc.

- Strengthen linkages between processing, preserving and exporting enterprises with aquatic raw material areas; focus on building long-term relationships with importers to help businesses update new information and regulations of w88 chuẩn nhất markets.

- Improve competitiveness in terms of quality such as investing in modern processing technology lines; ensuring w88 chuẩn nhất quality of raw materials by signing seafood consumption contracts, supporting fishermen in aquaculture techniques and seafood preservation; strictly controlling w88 chuẩn nhất process of production, quarantine, food hygiene; improving w88 chuẩn nhất quality of human resources, etc.

In order to meet w88 chuẩn nhất requirements of w88 chuẩn nhất seafood importers in North America, w88 chuẩn nhất Government plays a very important role in creating a favorable seafood production and business environment; supporting businesses to learn and forecast market information, following up w88 chuẩn nhất regulations of w88 chuẩn nhất importing countries, improving marketing capabilities; strengthening w88 chuẩn nhất synchronous implementation of standards and procedures on food quality and safety control, origin of aquatic products, planning of raw material areas; promoting w88 chuẩn nhất production organization according to w88 chuẩn nhất linkage chain, linking production with processing, consumption and export of seafood.

Conclusion:

w88 chuẩn nhất CPTPP brings many opportunities to Vietnam in w88 chuẩn nhất context of w88 chuẩn nhất worlds economies, including Canada and Mexico gradually recovering after w88 chuẩn nhất COVID-19 pandemic. To boost Vietnam's seafood exports and reduce w88 chuẩn nhất dependence on traditional markets, it is necessary to have great efforts from w88 chuẩn nhất enterprises as well as w88 chuẩn nhất active and synchronous participation from many parties.

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THỰC TRẠNG XUẤT KHẨU THỦY SẢN

CỦA VIỆT NAM ĐẾN THỊ TRƯỜNG BẮC MỸ

TRONG BỐI CẢNH HIỆP ĐỊNH CPTPP

•NGUYỄN QUỐC THÁI

Khoa Quản trị Kinh doanh, Trường Đại học Nguyễn Tất Thành

TÓM TẮT:

Trong bối cảnh nền kinh tế toàn cầu nói chung, kinh tế Việt Nam nói riêng bị ảnh hưởng bởi đại dịch Covid 19, Việt Nam vẫn tiếp tục hội nhập sâu rộng với nền kinh tế thế giới với 15Hiệp định thương mại tự do(FTA) được ký kết tính đến nay.Hiệp định Đối tác Toàn diện và Tiến bộ xuyên Thái Bình Dương(CPTPP) là FTA thế hệ mới và mở ra cơ hội xuất khẩu hàng hóa rất lớn, nhất là hàng thủy sản của Việt Nam đến 10 thị trường nội khối, trong đó có khu vực Bắc Mỹ. Bài viết phân tích tình hình xuất khẩu hàng thủy sản sang thị trường Bắc Mỹ gồm Canada và Mexico, đồng thời đề xuất một số giải pháp cho doanh nghiệp Việt Nam trong trạng thái bình thường mới.

Từ khóa:Canada, CPTPP, xuất khẩu, Mexico, Bắc Mỹ, hải sản.

[Tạp chí Công Thương - Các kết quả nghiên cứu khoa học và ứng dụng công nghệ, Số 1, tháng 1 năm 2022]